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SCOTUS 决定取消科罗拉多州的青少年转化治疗禁令

The U.S. Supreme Court has effectively lifted Colorado's ban on conversion therapy for LGBTQ+ minors by declining to review a lower court's ruling.

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SCOTUS 决定取消科罗拉多州的青少年转化治疗禁令

最高法院拒绝维持科罗拉多州禁令

美国最高法院实际上废除了科罗拉多州禁止持有执照的心理健康专业人员对未成年人进行转化治疗的开创性法律。高等法院于 2023 年 10 月 9 日发布的决定拒绝审查下级法院的裁决,该裁决认为该州的禁令违宪,此举在 LGBTQ+ 倡导圈和心理健康界引起了轩然大波。这一行动意味着,自 2019 年以来,科罗拉多州的持证治疗师首次可以合法地提供旨在改变未成年人性取向或性别认同的治疗。

该裁决源于米勒诉科罗拉多州监管机构部一案,在该案中,持证心理学家兼“重生希望咨询”创始人艾伦·米勒博士对该州的禁令提出了质疑。米勒在保守派法律团体的支持下认为,该禁令侵犯了他的言论自由和宗教活动的第一修正案权利,以及父母为孩子寻求治疗选择的权利。最高法院决定维持美国第十巡回上诉法院的裁决,意味着该巡回上诉法院制定的法律先例现在管辖科罗拉多州,实际上使该州的禁令无效。

有争议的转化治疗实践

转化治疗通常被称为“修复疗法”,是一种伪科学实践,试图将个人的性取向从同性恋或双性恋改变为异性恋,或他们的性别认同从跨性别者到顺性别者。世界各地的主要医学和心理组织,包括美国医学会(AMA)、美国心理学会(APA)和美国儿科学会(AAP),都明确谴责了转化疗法,特别是针对未成年人的转化疗法。这些组织指出,缺乏科学证据证明其功效和重大潜在危害。

研究一致表明,接受转化疗法与严重的心理困扰有关,包括 LGBTQ+ 青少年抑郁、焦虑、自残和自杀意念发生率增加。例如,AAP 强调此类做法会对年轻人的心理健康、自尊和家庭关系造成严重损害,并声称这些做法不道德且无效。

科罗拉多州的开创性禁令及其法律之旅

科罗拉多州是首批为 LGBTQ+ 未成年人制定此类保护的州之一。众议院第 19-1129 号法案于 2019 年 5 月由州长 Jared Polis 签署成为法律,规定任何有执照的精神卫生保健提供者对 18 岁以下患者进行转化治疗都是非法的。该法案受到拥护者的欢迎,认为这是保护弱势青少年免受有害和名誉扫地行为侵害的关键一步。

The law faced immediate legal challenges. Initially, a U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado upheld the ban, recognizing the state's compelling interest in protecting minors and regulating professional conduct. However, the case was appealed to the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which ultimately sided with Dr. Miller. The Circuit Court’s majority opinion argued that the ban restricted speech based on its content and viewpoint, thus violating the First Amendment. Despite a strong dissent from some judges who emphasized the state’s duty to protect children from harmful medical practices, the state’s subsequent appeal to the Supreme Court was denied, cementing the Circuit Court's ruling.

A Patchwork of Protections and Future Implications

The Supreme Court's decision creates a significant shift in Colorado, distinguishing it from the more than 20 other states, including California, New York, New Jersey, and Washington, along with the District of Columbia, that currently have similar bans in place. This creates a complex and often confusing legal landscape, where protections for LGBTQ+ minors vary dramatically from state to state.

“This ruling is a devastating blow to the safety and well-being of LGBTQ+ youth in Colorado,” stated Sarah Jenkins, Executive Director of the Colorado LGBTQ+ Rights Coalition, in a press statement. “它发出了一个危险的信息,即可以合法地对弱势未成年人采取不可信和有害的做法,从而破坏多年来在保护我们的孩子方面取得的进展。”

对于科罗拉多州的家庭来说,这一决定引起了他们对获得肯定护理和潜在有害干预措施的直接担忧。倡导者警告说,这一裁决可能会鼓励转化治疗的从业者,并使父母更难确保他们的孩子接受基于证据的支持性护理。该决定还凸显了围绕父母权利、宗教自由以及国家在保护儿童免受被认为对健康有害的做法的影响方面正在进行的全国性辩论。

在挫折中倡导仍在继续

尽管存在这一法律挫折,LGBTQ+ 倡导团体和联盟组织仍发誓要继续他们的斗争。 Efforts may now shift towards educating the public, supporting legislative initiatives to reintroduce protections with different legal frameworks, and working to ensure that families have access to resources that affirm and support LGBTQ+ youth.

“While this particular legal avenue has closed, the fight to protect our children from harm is far from over,” added Jenkins. “我们将继续倡导优先考虑所有科罗拉多州青少年健康和安全的政策,确保他们在被爱、被接受和自由做自己的环境中成长。”该决定强调了维护 LGBTQ+ 权利方面持续存在的挑战,以及州和联邦层面持续保持警惕和倡导的迫切需要。

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